The long-term effect of sub-boiling water on dental unit waterlines and its ability to control cross-contamination in dentistry.

This study investigated the effect of water at high temperature on the physical and mechanical properties of polyurethane and on biofilm removal, aiming for its applicability in dental unit waterlines. The evaluations were carried out after simulating a 1-year period of daily immersion and measured changes in color, microhardness, surface roughness, and tensile strength before and after reproducing a disinfection protocol. For antibiofilm activity measurement, fragments of waterline were contaminated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and submitted to the disinfection protocols. Relative to effects on the physical and mechanical properties, immersion in water at 60°C did not promote changes in color and tensile strength. However, lower values were observed for microhardness and increased values for surface roughness. Regarding antibiofilm action, water at 60°C significantly reduced the microbial load and promoted substantial changes in cells morphology. In conclusion, disinfection with water at 60°C demonstrated possible application in controlling cross-contamination in dentistry.

Influence of glucose supplementation on biofilm formation of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata isolated from diabetic and non-diabetic individuals.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effect of different glucose concentration on biofilm formation of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata strains isolated from diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. METHODS: The study was divided into two stages: (I) selection and identification of 48 C. albicans and C. glabrata strains by polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR/RFLP); (II) evaluation of biofilm formation by means of viability rates (colony-forming units), biofilm dry matter (mg) and biofilm-covered areas (µm2). Statistical comparisons were performed through nonparametric analysis of longitudinal data in factorial experiments with pairwise comparisons using Friedman Conover's test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: All the Candida spp. had their identifications confirmed by PCR/RFLP. C. albicans biofilm of strains from diabetic individuals cultivated in different glucose concentration showed higher viability rates than strains from non-diabetic individuals. No difference was observed on viability of C. glabrata biofilm. Regarding biofilm dry matter, C. albicans biofilm of strains from diabetic individuals cultivated in different glucose concentration showed lower amount in weight than strains from non-diabetic individuals. In C. glabrata strains, this result was only observed in biofilms cultivated with no glucose supplementation. With regard to biofilm-covered areas, only glucose supplementation and non-diabetic condition showed a positive effect on C. albicans biofilm development, and no condition affected C. glabrata biofilm formation. CONCLUSION: The strain type (C. albicans and C. glabrata) isolated from diabetic and non-diabetic individuals influenced on biofilm formation, but glucose supplementation did not.

The use of antimicrobial-impregnated fabrics in health services: an integrative review.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze evidence concerning the feasibility of antimicrobial-impregnated fabrics in preventing and controlling microbial transmission in health services. METHOD: an integrative review using the following databases: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), regardless of language and date of publication. Seven studies were included in the analysis to verify the types of fabrics and substances used to impregnate the fabrics, applicability in health services, and decrease in microbial load. RESULTS: silver nanoparticles and copper oxide are the main antimicrobial substances used to impregnate the fabrics. The patients' use of these fabrics, such as in bed and bath linens and clothing, was more effective in reducing antimicrobial load than in health workers' uniforms. CONCLUSION: the use of these antimicrobial-impregnated textiles, especially by patients, is a viable alternative to prevent and control microbial transmission in health services. Implementing these fabrics in health workers' uniforms requires further studies, however, to verify its effectiveness in decreasing microbial load in clinical practice.

The use of antimicrobial-impregnated fabrics in health services: an integrative review / Utilización de textiles impregnados con antimicrobianos en los servicios sanitarios: revisión integradora / Utilização de têxteis impregnados com antimicrobianos nos serviços de saúde: revisão integrativa

Objective: to analyze evidence concerning the feasibility of antimicrobial-impregnated fabrics in preventing and controlling microbial transmission in health services. Method: an integrative review using the following databases: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), regardless of language and date of publication. Seven studies were included in the analysis to verify the types of fabrics and substances used to impregnate the fabrics, applicability in health services, and decrease in microbial load. Results: silver nanoparticles and copper oxide are the main antimicrobial substances used to impregnate the fabrics. The patients' use of these fabrics, such as in bed and bath linens and clothing, was more effective in reducing antimicrobial load than in health workers' uniforms. Conclusion: the use of these antimicrobial-impregnated textiles, especially by patients, is a viable alternative to prevent and control microbial transmission in health services. Implementing these fabrics in health workers' uniforms requires further studies, however, to verify its effectiveness in decreasing microbial load in clinical practice.

Objetivo: analizar las evidencias existentes sobre la viabilidad de utilizar textiles impregnados con sustancias antimicrobianas en la prevención y control de la transmisión microbiana en servicios sanitarios. Método: revisión integradora, utilizando las bases de dados MEDLINE (vía PubMed), Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus y Literatura Latino-Americana em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), sin restricción de idioma y período de publicación. Después de la búsqueda en la literatura científica, fueron seleccionados siete estudios para análisis en cuanto al tipo de textil y sustancia utilizada para impregnación, aplicabilidad en el servicio sanitario y reducción de la carga microbiana. Resultados: nanopartículas de plata y óxido de cobre fueron las principales sustancias antimicrobianas utilizadas para la impregnación de textiles. La utilización de esos textiles por los pacientes, como ropa de hotel y ropa, demostró mayor eficacia en la reducción de la carga microbiana en comparación al uso como uniforme por profesionales sanitarios. Conclusión: la utilización de textiles impregnados con sustancias antimicrobianas, sobre todo por los pacientes, puede ser considerada una alternativa viable en la prevención y control de la transmisión microbiana en los servicios sanitarios. Sin embargo, la implementación de estos textiles como uniforme para profesionales de la salud todavía necesita de mayores investigaciones en cuanto a la reducción de la carga microbiana en la práctica clínica.

Objetivo: analisar as evidências existentes sobre a viabilidade de utilizar têxteis impregnados com substâncias antimicrobianas na prevenção e no controle da transmissão microbiana em serviços de saúde. Método: revisão integrativa, utilizando as bases de dados MEDLINE (via PubMed), Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus e Literatura Latino-Americana em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), sem restrição de idioma e período de publicação. Após a busca na literatura científica, foram selecionados sete estudos para análise quanto ao tipo de têxtil e substância utilizada para a impregnação, a aplicabilidade no serviço de saúde e a redução da carga microbiana. Resultados: nanopartículas de prata e óxido de cobre foram as principais substâncias antimicrobianas utilizadas para a impregnação de têxteis. A utilização desses têxteis pelos pacientes, como roupas de hotelaria e vestuário, demonstrou maior eficácia na redução da carga microbiana em comparação ao uso como uniforme por profissionais de saúde. Conclusão: a utilização de têxteis impregnados com substâncias antimicrobianas, sobretudo pelos pacientes, pode ser considerada uma alternativa viável na prevenção e no controle da transmissão microbiana nos serviços de saúde. Todavia, a implementação destes têxteis, como uniforme para profissionais de saúde, ainda necessita de maiores investigações quanto à redução da carga microbiana na prática clínica.

Prevalence and susceptibility profile of Candida spp. isolated from patients in cancer therapy.

OBJECTIVE: This study determined the prevalence of Candida spp. in the saliva of cancer patients. Furthermore, we assessed the antimicrobial activity of mouthwashes against the isolated strains and its susceptibility to amphotericin B and fluconazole. METHODS: Thirty-four cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy, chemotherapy alone or combined treatment were investigated for oral Candida spp. colonization and compared in regard to mucositis presence. The maximum inhibitory dilution was used to assess the antimicrobial activity of Periogard®, Cepacol® Cool Ice and 0.12 % Chlorhexidine Digluconate mouthwashes against the isolates. In parallel, susceptibility to amphotericin B and fluconazole was determined by agar-based E-test. Data did not adhere to normal distribution as inferred by the Shapiro-Wilk test and statistical analysis was conducted by non-parametric McNemar test (α0.05). RESULTS: Twenty-seven participants (79.4 %) were male, 19 (55.9 %) had mucositis and 9 (26.5 %) were colonized by Candida spp. 12 different strains of Candida spp. were isolated, being Candida albicans the most prevalent strain. Risk of Candida spp. colonization was increased by almost twofold among the participants with mucositis (odds ratio: 1.84; 95 % confidence interval: 0.37-9.07). Mouthwash Cepacol® Cool Ice presented better antimicrobial activity against Candida spp. while 0.12 % Chlorhexidine exhibited the worst activity. All strains were sensitive to amphotericin B, and 2 non-albicans strains were dose-dependent sensitive to fluconazole. CONCLUSION: Considering the increased risk of colonization byCandida spp. in patients with mucositis, and the emergence of antifungal drug resistance, the antiseptics use could benefit the maintenance of cancer patient's oral health.

Biosafety of Non-Return Valves for Infusion Systems in Radiology.

Cross-infection in contrast injectors is still a subject under discussion with little understanding. This study evaluated the biosafety of non-return valves (NRVs). Initially, the maximum pressure during backflow of intact and disrupted flexible diaphragms (FDs) from NRVs, as well as the functionality of connectors with NRVs were verified. The performance of air columns interposed by water in connectors with NRVs was analyzed, and the diffusion distance of crystal violet through connectors with NRVs was measured. The efficacy of NRVs as a barrier to bacterial contamination from backflow was evaluated. Finally, a clinical study of bacteriological contamination from syringes was conducted. There were differences among the maximum tolerated pressure by intact and disrupted FDs. Disrupted FDs showed no failures in the functionality of connectors with NRVs based on the lack of air bubbles released. Air columns could move through connectors with NRVs with intact and disrupted FDs. The longest diffusion distance of crystal violet was 6 cm of connector length, and NRVs showed efficacy as a barrier to bacterial contamination. In the clinical study, there was no bacterial growth in any of the evaluated samples. In conclusion, biosafety depends on the functionality of NRVs as well as proper practical clinical performance.

Jalecos em têxteis de poliéster agem como barreira contra fluidos e bactérias? / ¿Batas médicas de telas de poliéster actúan como barrera contra fluidos y bacterias? / Do white coats on polyester fabrics act as a barrier against fluids and bacteria?

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar tecidos de poliéster quanto à função de barreira física contra fluidos e bactérias. Métodos Trata-se de uma pesquisa experimental laboratorial in vitro realizada em três etapas: avaliação do tempo de passagem de fluido através dos tecidos, cronometrado desde o início do escoamento do fluido até a formação e queda da última gota; determinação microbiológica da carga bacteriana presente no fluido, após a sua passagem através dos tecidos; e análise das características estruturais dos tecidos por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os dados foram submetidos aos testes de normalidade e ao teste de U de Mann-Whitney, com nível de significância de a=5%. Resultados as comparações dos tempos obtidos na primeira etapa entre os dois tipos de tecidos utilizados demonstraram diferença estatística ( p <0,001). Com relação à avaliação microbiológica, não foi observada diferença entre as cargas bacterianas após a passagem do fluido através dos tecidos, tanto para Staphylococcus aureus ( p =0,056) quanto para Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( p= 0,320). A análise por microscopia eletrônica de varredura evidenciou diferenças estruturais entre os tecidos, no entanto não foi constatada a presença bacteriana na superfície dos tecidos. Conclusão Ambos os tecidos de poliéster empregados para confecção de jalecos não apresentaram função de barreira física contra fluidos e bactérias. Assim, os resultados nos permitem especular que o jaleco de poliéster ao entrar em contato com fluidos corporais pode possibilitar a contaminação do profissional.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar telas de poliéster con relación a la función de barrera física contra fluidos y bacterias. Métodos Se trata de un estudio experimental de laboratorio in vitro realizado en tres etapas: evaluación del tiempo de pasaje del fluido a través de las telas, cronometrado desde el inicio del derrame del fluido hasta la formación y caída de la última gota; determinación microbiológica de la carga bacteriana presente en el fluido después del pasaje a través de las telas; y análisis de las características estructurales de las telas mediante microscopio electrónico de barrido. Con los datos obtenidos se realizaron las pruebas de normalidad y la prueba U de Mann-Whitney, con nivel de significación de a=5%. Resultados La comparación de los tiempos obtenidos en la primera etapa entre los dos tipos de telas utilizados demostró diferencia estadística ( p <0,001). Respecto a la evaluación microbiológica, no se observó diferencia entre las cargas bacterianas después del pasaje del fluido a través de las telas, tanto de Staphylococcus aureus ( p =0,056) como de Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( p= 0,320). El análisis mediante microscopio electrónico de barrido constató diferencias estructurales entre las telas; sin embargo, no se observó la presencia bacteriana en la superficie de las telas. Conclusión Las dos telas de poliéster empleadas para la confección de batas médicas no presentan función de barrera física contra fluidos y bacterias. De esta forma, los resultados nos permiten suponer que la bata médica de poliéster, al entrar en contacto con fluidos corporales, puede posibilitar la contaminación del profesional.

Abstract Objective To evaluate polyester fabrics as physical barrier function against fluids and bacteria. Methods This is an in vitro experimental laboratory research carried out in three stages: evaluation of the length of time for the fluid to pass through the fabrics, timed from the beginning of the fluid flow until the formation and fall of the last drop; microbiological determination of the bacterial load in the fluid, after its passage through the fabrics; and analysis of the structural characteristics of the fabrics by scanning in electron microscopy. The data were submitted to normality tests and the Mann-Whitney U test, with a significance level of a=5%. Results Comparisons of length of time in the first stage between the two types of fabrics used showed a statistical difference ( p <0.001). Regarding the microbiological evaluation, there was no difference among bacterial loads after the fluid passed through the fabrics, both for Staphylococcus aureus ( p =0.056) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( p =0.320). The analysis by scanning electron microscopy showed structural differences between the fabrics, however, there were no bacteria on the fabric surface. Conclusion Both polyester fabrics used to make white coats did not work as a physical barrier against fluids and bacteria. Thus, the results allowed us to speculate that the polyester coat when in contact with body fluids may allow contamination of the professional.

Tecidos de poliéster e suas implicações para confecção de jalecos / Polyester cloths and their implications for making white coats

A literatura científica reporta a contaminação microbiana dos jalecos utilizados por profissionais da saúde, no entanto não há consenso relacionando seu uso com a redução da exposição microbiana por risco ocupacional. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar tecidos de poliéster (oxford e microfibra) utilizados na confecção de jalecos, quanto à função de barreira física contra fluido e bactérias, nas perspectivas e desafios do controle de infecção na área da saúde. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo experimental / laboratorial in vitro realizado em três etapas. Na primeira etapa, os tempos de passagem do fluido através dos tecidos foram cronometrados e registrados em segundos desde o início do escoamento do fluido até as formações e quedas das últimas gotas. Na segunda etapa (microbiológica), inóculos padronizados das bactérias padrão de Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) foram adicionadas ao fluido. Decorrida a passagem do fluido através dos tecidos, alíquotas de 50µL in natura e diluídas (10-1 a 10-5) foram semeadas na superfície de placas de Petri (60x15mm) com meios de cultura seletivos, incubadas a 37°C por 24h e o número de unidades formadoras de colônia das bactérias expresso por mililitro do fluido (UFC/mL). Na terceira etapa, as características estruturais dos tecidos e a retenção bacteriana foram analisadas por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos aos testes de normalidade (Kolmogorov-Smirnov e Shapiro-Wilk) e, posteriormente, ao teste de U de Mann-Whitney por meio do software IBM SPSS Statistics (versão 25) e nível de significância ?=5%. A comparação entre as medianas dos tempos de passagem do fluido através dos tecidos de oxford e microfibra demonstrou diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,001) independente das variáveis envolvidas (tecidos limpo ou limpo e passado, e tecidos autoclavado ou não autoclavado). Na etapa microbiológica, não foi observada diferença entre as medianas das cargas bacterianas dos tecidos de oxford e microfibra após a passagem do fluido com S. aureus (p=0,056) e P. aeruginosa (p=0,320). As análises por MEV permitiram evidenciar estruturas com formas irregulares e de cristal, bem como espaços (macroporos) entre os fios dos tecidos de oxford, que permitiram um menor tempo de passagem do fluido através do tecido. No entanto, não foi constatada a presença bacteriana na superfície dos tecidos. Em conclusão, diante dos dois tipos de tecidos utilizados na confecção de jalecos, o de microfibra apresentou maior tempo de passagem do fluido comparado ao de oxford, em decorrência das diferenças estruturais desses tecidos. Entretanto, a função de barreira física bacteriana após a passagem do fluido através dos tecidos não foi observada, o que reforça a necessidade de substituição do jaleco quando esse entra em contato com fluidos biológicos, visando à biossegurança: controle de contaminação/infecção na área da saúde

Scientific literature reports contamination of white coats used by health professionals, but there is not a consensus relating its usage to reduction of microbial exposure by occupational risk. The objective of this study was to evaluate Oxford and microfiber cloths used for making white coats, regarding its function as physical barrier to fluid and bacteria, in perspectives and challenges of infection control in health field. It is an in vitro experimental / laboratory study carried out in three stages. In the first stage, fluid passage times through the pieces of cloths were measured and registered in seconds since the beginning of fluid flow until formations and falls of the last drops. In the second stage (microbiological), standardized inocula of standard bacteria of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) were added to the fluid. After the passage of fluid through the pieces of cloths, in natura and diluted 50µL aliquots (10-1 to 10-5) were seeded on the surface of Petri dishes (60x15mm) with selective culture mediums, incubated at 37°C for 24h and the number of colony forming units of bacteria expressed by milliliter of fluid (CFU/mL). In the third stage, structural characteristics of cloths and bacterial retention were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained data were submitted to normality tests (Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk) and, later, to Mann-Whitney U test through IBM SPSS Statistics (version 25) software and ?=5% significance level. Comparison between medians of the fluid passage time through oxford and microfiber cloths showed statistically significant difference (p<0.001) independent of the involved variables (clean or clean and ironed cloths, and autoclaved or non-autoclaved cloths). In the microbiological stage, difference was not observed between medians of bacterial loads of Oxford and microfiber cloths after the passage of the fluid with S. aureus (p=0.056) and P. aeruginosa (p=0.320). The analyses by SEM allowed evidence structures with irregular and crystal shapes as well as gaps (macropores) between the threads of pieces of Oxford cloth, that allowed a shorter fluid passage time through the cloth. However, bacterial presence on the surface of cloths were not noticed. In conclusion, before the two types of cloths used for making white coats, the microfiber one presented longer fluid passage time compared to the Oxford one, due to the structural differences of these cloths. However, the functionality as bacterial physical barrier after fluid passage through the pieces of cloths were not observed, which reinforces the need to replace the white coat when it comes in contact with biological fluids, aiming at biosafety: contamination/infection control in health field

Patient safety and infection control: bases for curricular integration.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze curricular integration between teaching of patient safety and good infection prevention and control practices. METHOD: Integrative review, designed to answer the question: "How does curricular integration of content about 'patient safety teaching' and content about 'infection prevention and control practices' occur in undergraduate courses in the health field?". The following databases were searched for primary studies: CINAHL, LILACS, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Scopus, Europe PMC and MEDLINE. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 13 studies. After content analysis, primary studies were grouped into two subject categories: "Innovative teaching practices" and "Curricular evaluation. CONCLUSION: Patient safety related to infection prevention and control practices is present in the curriculum of health undergraduate courses, but is not coordinated with other themes, is taught sporadically, and focuses mainly on hand hygiene.

Patient safety and infection control: bases for curricular integration / Seguridad del paciente y control de infección: bases para la integración curricular / Segurança do paciente e controle de infecção: bases para a integração curricular

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze curricular integration between teaching of patient safety and good infection prevention and control practices. Method: Integrative review, designed to answer the question: "How does curricular integration of content about 'patient safety teaching' and content about 'infection prevention and control practices' occur in undergraduate courses in the health field?". The following databases were searched for primary studies: CINAHL, LILACS, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Scopus, Europe PMC and MEDLINE. Results: The final sample consisted of 13 studies. After content analysis, primary studies were grouped into two subject categories: "Innovative teaching practices" and "Curricular evaluation. Conclusion: Patient safety related to infection prevention and control practices is present in the curriculum of health undergraduate courses, but is not coordinated with other themes, is taught sporadically, and focuses mainly on hand hygiene.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar, partiendo de la literatura, la integración curricular entre enseñanza sobre seguridad del paciente y buenas prácticas de prevención y control de infección. Método: Revisión integrativa orientada a responder la pregunta: "¿Cómo sucede la integración curricular entre los contenidos 'enseñanza sobre seguridad del paciente' y 'prácticas de prevención y control de infección' en cursos de grado en salud?". Se utilizaron las bases CINAHL, LILACS, Science Direct, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Europe PMC y Medline para recuperar estudios primarios. Resultados: Muestra compuesta por trece estudios. Luego de análisis de contenido, los estudios primarios fueron subdivididos en dos categorías temáticas: "Prácticas de enseñanza innovadoras" y "Evaluación Curricular". Conclusión: La seguridad del paciente respecto de prácticas de prevención y control de infección, a pesar de contemplarse en los currículos de cursos de grado en salud, es enseñada de modo puntual, diluido y desarticulado, con foco predominante en la higiene de las manos.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar, a partir da literatura, a integração curricular entre o ensino da segurança do paciente e as boas práticas de prevenção e o controle de infecção. Método: Revisão integrativa, com vistas à responder a seguinte questão: "Como ocorre a integração curricular entre os conteúdos 'ensino da segurança do paciente' e 'práticas de prevenção e controle de infecção' nos cursos de graduação em saúde?". Utilizou-se as bases CINAHL, LILACS, Science direct, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Europe PMC, e Medline para recuperar os estudos primários. Resultados: 13 estudos compuseram a amostra. Após uma análise de conteúdo, os estudos primários foram subdivididos em duas categorias temáticas: "Práticas de ensino inovadoras" e "Avaliação Curricular". Conclusão: A segurança do paciente, relacionada às práticas de prevenção e controle da infecção, embora contemplada nos currículos de ensino de graduação em saúde, é ensinada de forma pontual, diluída e desarticulada, focadas predominantemente na higiene das mãos.

Aquisição teórico-prática de tópicos relevantes à segurança do paciente: dilemas na formação de enfermeiros / Theoretical-practical acquisition of topics relevant to patient safety: dilemmas in the training of nurses / Adquisición teórico-práctico de tópicos relevantes sobre seguridad del paciente: dilemas en la formación de enfermeros

Objetivo: Investigar conteúdos relacionados à segurança do paciente, contemplados nos currículos de cursos de graduação em Enfermagem de duas Instituições de Ensino Superior brasileiras. Método: Estudo descritivo, tipo survey, realizado com 119 alunos de cursos de Enfermagem (Licenciatura e Bacharelado), no período de agosto a setembro de 2016. Os tópicos investigados foram baseados no Patient safety curriculum guide: multi-professional edition. De posse dos dados, realizaram-se análises univariadas e bivariadas. Resultados: Dos 46 conteúdos investigados no questionário, dois tiveram escores elevados de não obtenção em atividades teóricas e/ou práticas, que são: "Cultura de culpa" e "Infecção comunitária". Alunos da Licenciatura e Bacharelado referiram maior aquisição em aulas teóricas (p = 0,012), enquanto os do Bacharelado atribuíram de forma equivalente teoria e prática (p = 0,013). Conclusão: Os conteúdos estiveram contemplados, em sua maioria, na abordagem teórica e prática, ao menos uma vez no decorrer do curso. No entanto, quando se tratou de conteúdos ligados a aspectos socioculturais relacionados à segurança do paciente registraram-se escores menores.